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Atomic ionization by intense mid-infrared (mid-IR) pulses produces lowelectron energy features that the strong-field approximation, which is expectedto be valid in the tunneling ionization regime characterized by small Keldyshparameters ($\gamma \ll 1$), cannot describe. These features include thelow-energy structure (LES), the very-low-energy structure (VLES), and the morerecently found zero-energy structure (ZES). They result from the interplaybetween the laser electric field and the atomic Coulomb field which controlsthe low-energy spectrum also for small $\gamma$. In the present jointexperimental and theoretical study we investigate the vectorial momentumspectrum at very low energies. Using a reaction microscope optimized for thedetection of very low energy electrons, we have performed a thorough study ofthe three-dimensional momentum spectrum well below 1 eV. Our measurements arecomplemented by quantum and classical simulations, which allow for aninterpretation of the LES, VLES and of the newly identified ZES in terms oftwo-dimensional Coulomb focusing and recapture into Rydberg states,respectively.

Formation of very low energy states crossing the ionization threshold of argon atoms in strong mid-infrared fields