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We show that nature imposes no fundamental upper limit to the number ofinformation bits per expended photon that can, in principle, be read reliablywhen classical data is encoded in a medium that can only passively modulate theamplitude and phase of the probe light. We show that with a coherent-state(laser) source, an on-off (amplitude-modulation) pixel encoding, andshot-noise-limited direct detection (an overly-optimistic model for commercialCD/DVD drives), the highest photon information efficiency achievable inprinciple is about 0.5 bit per transmitted photon. We then show that acoherent-state probe can read unlimited bits per photon when the receiver isallowed to make joint (inseparable) measurements on the reflected light from alarge block of phase-modulated memory pixels. Finally, we show an example of aspatially-entangled non-classical light probe and a receiverdesign---constructable using a single-photon source, beam splitters, andsingle-photon detectors---that can in principle read any number of error-freebits of information. The probe is a single photon prepared in a uniformcoherent superposition of multiple orthogonal spatial modes, i.e., a W-state.The code, target, and joint-detection receiver complexity required by acoherent-state transmitter to achieve comparable photon efficiency performanceis shown to be much higher in comparison to that required by the W-statetransceiver.

Capacity of optical reading, Part 1: Reading boundless error-free bits using a single photon