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When atoms and molecules are irradiated by an x-ray free-electron laser(XFEL), they are highly ionized via a sequence of one-photon ionization andrelaxation processes. To describe the ionization dynamics during XFEL pulses, arate equation model has been employed. Even though this model isstraightforward for the case of light atoms, it generates a huge number ofcoupled rate equations for heavy atoms like xenon, which are not trivial tosolve directly. Here, we employ the Monte Carlo method to address this problemand we investigate ionization dynamics of xenon atoms induced by XFEL pulses ata photon energy of 4500 eV. Charge state distributions, photo-/Auger electronspectra, and fluorescence spectra are presented for x-ray fluences of up to$10^{13}$ photons/$\mu$m$^2$. With the photon energy of 4500 eV, xenon atomscan be ionized up to +44 through multiphoton absorption characterized bysequential one-photon single-electron interactions.

Monte Carlo calculation of ion, electron, and photon spectra of xenon atoms in x-ray free-electron laser pulses