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In equilibrium, forces induced by fluctuations of the electromagnetic fieldbetween electrically polarizable objects (microscopic or macroscopic) in vacuumare always attractive. The force may, however, become repulsive for microscopicparticles coupled to thermal baths with different temperatures. We demonstratethat this non-equilibrium repulsion can be realized also between macroscopicobjects, as planar slabs, if they are kept at different temperatures. It isshown that repulsion can be enhanced by (i) tuning of material resonances inthe thermal region, and by (ii) reducing the dielectric contrast due to"dilution". This can lead to stable equilibrium positions. We discuss therealization of these effects for aerogels, yielding repulsion down tosub-micron distances at realistic porosities.

Dilution and resonance enhanced repulsion in non-equilibrium fluctuation forces