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PT-symmetric systems can have a real spectrum even when their Hamiltonian isnon-hermitian, but develop a complex spectrum when the degree ofnon-hermiticity increases. Here we utilize random-matrix theory to show thatthis spontaneous PT-symmetry breaking can occur via two distinct mechanisms,whose predominance is associated to different universality classes. Presentoptical experiments fall into the orthogonal class, where symmetry-inducedlevel crossings render the characteristic absorption rate independent of thecoupling strength between the symmetry-related parts of the system.

Universal routes to spontaneous PT-symmetry breaking in non-hermitian quantum systems