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Correlations between particles can lead to subtle and sometimescounterintuitive phenomena. We analyze one such case, occurring during thesudden expansion of fermions in a lattice when the initial state has a strongadmixture of double occupancies. We promote the notion of quantum distillation:during the expansion, and in the presence of strongly repulsive interactions,doublons group together, forming a nearly ideal band insulator, which ismetastable with a low entropy. We propose that this effect could be used forcooling purposes in experiments with two-component Fermi gases.

Quantum distillation: dynamical generation of low-entropy states of strongly correlated fermions in an optical lattice