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We report an experimental study of the 1064nm transition dipoles in neodymiumdoped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd-YAG) by measuring the coupling constantbetween two orthogonal modes of a laser cavity for different cuts of the YAGgain crystal. We propose a theoretical model in which the transition dipoles,slightly elliptic, are oriented along the crystallographic axes. Ourexperimental measurements show a very good quantitative agreement with thismodel, and predict a dipole ellipticity between 2% and 3%. This work providesan experimental evidence for the simple description in which transition dipolesand crystallographic axes are collinear in Nd-YAG (with an accuracy better than1 deg), a point that has been discussed for years.

Orientation of Nd$^{3+}$ dipoles in yttrium aluminum garnet: A simple yet accurate model