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We use an optically dense, anisotropic magneto-optical trap to studyrecoil-induced resonances (RIRs) in the transient, high-gain regime. We findthat two distinct mechanisms govern the atomic dynamics: the finite,frequency-dependent atomic response time, and momentum-space populationredistribution. At low input probe intensities, the residual Doppler width ofthe atoms, combined with the finite atomic response time, result in a linear,transient hysteretic effect that modifies the locations, widths, and magnitudesof the resulting gain spectra depending on the sign of the scan chirp. Whenlarger intensities (\textit{i.e.}, greater than a few $\mu$W/cm$^2$) areincident on the atomic sample for several $\mu$s, hole-burning in the atomicsample's momentum distribution leads to a coherent population redistributionthat persists for approximately 100 $\mu$s. We propose using RIRs to engineerthe atomic momentum distribution to enhance the nonlinear atom-photon coupling.We present a numerical model, and compare the calculated and experimentalresults to verify our interpretation.

Transient dynamics and momentum redistribution in cold atoms via recoil-induced resonances