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We derive new general expressions for the fluctuating electromagnetic fieldoutside a homogeneous material surface. The analysis is based on generalresults from the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, and requires noconsideration of the material interior, as it only uses knowledge of thereflection amplitudes for its surface. Therefore, our results are valid for allhomogeneous surfaces, including layered systems and metamaterials, at alltemperatures. In particular, we obtain new formulae for the near-field region,which are important for interpreting the numerous current experiments probingproximity effects for macroscopic and/or microscopic bodies separated by smallempty gaps. By use of Onsager's reciprocity relations, we obtain also thegeneral symmetry properties that must be satisfied by the reflection matrix ofany material.

General theory of electromagnetic fluctuations near a homogeneous surface, in terms of its reflection amplitudes