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Although universal continuous-variable quantum computation cannot be achievedvia linear optics (including squeezing), homodyne detection and feed-forward,inclusion of ideal photon counting measurements overcomes this obstacle. Thesemeasurements are sometimes described by arrays of beam splitters to distributethe photons across several modes. We show that such a scheme cannot be used toimplement ideal photon counting and that such measurements necessarily involvenonlinear evolution. However, this requirement of nonlinearity can be moved"off-line," thereby permitting universal continuous-variable quantumcomputation with linear optics.Comment: 6 pages, no figures, replaced with published versio

Universal continuous-variable quantum computation: Requirement of optical nonlinearity for photon counting