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The problem of unambiguously distinguishing among nonorthogonal but linearlyindependent quantum states can be solved by mapping the set of nonorthogonalquantum states onto a set of orthogonal ones, which can then be distinguishedwithout error. Such nonunitary transformations can be performed conditionallyon quantum systems; a unitary transformation is carried out on a larger systemof which the system of interest is a subsytem, a measurement is performed, andif the proper result is obtained, the desired nonunitary transformation willhave been performed on the subsystem. We show how to construct generalizedinterferometers (multiports), which when combined with measurements on some ofthe output ports, implement nonunitary transformations of this type. The inputstates are single-photon states in which the photon is divided among severalmodes. A number of explicit examples of distinguishing among threenonorthogonal states are discussed, and the networks that optimally distinguishamong these states are presented.Comment: 10 pages, Revte

Optimum unambiguous discrimination between linearly independent nonorthogonal quantum states and its optical realization