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A new physical scheme for femtosecond x-ray lasers, where the upper lasing level ( L23 innershell vacancy level! is pumped by x-ray photons and the lower lasing level ( M1 innershell vacancy level ! is depopulated via a Coster–Kronig radiationless transition, is analyzed for Ca. The transition wavelength is 4.1 nm, which is inside the water window~the wavelength range between the K absorption edges of oxygen and carbon !. The peak spectral brightness of the x-ray laser output at 4.1 nm is predicted to be as large as 5 310 photons/s/ ~mm mrad 0.1% bandwidth), which is 4 to 5 orders of magnitude brighter than a typical undulator radiation in the similar spectral region. In addition to the high flux, the expected duration of x-ray lasing of;3 fs will be useful for the study of fast dynamics in physical and biological sciences.

physical review a

Gain characteristics of inner-shell photoionization-pumped<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>23</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>M</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>transition in Ca

Gain characteristics of inner-shell photoionization-pumpedL23M1transition in Ca