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We consider an atom in interaction with a massless scalar quantum field. Wediscuss the structure of the rate of variation of the atomic energy for anarbitrary stationary motion of the atom through the quantum vacuum. Our mainintention is to identify and to analyze quantitatively the distinctcontributions of vacuum fluctuations and radiation reaction to the spontaneousexcitation of a uniformly accelerated atom in its ground state. This gives anunderstanding of the role of the different physical processes underlying theUnruh effect. The atom's evolution into equilibrium and the Einsteincoefficients for spontaneous excitation and spontaneous emission arecalculated.Comment: 13 pages, KONS-RGKU-94-09, to appear in Phys. Rev.

Spontaneous excitation of an accelerated atom: The contributions of vacuum fluctuations and radiation reaction