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We analyze theoretically the motional quantum dynamics of a levitateddielectric sphere interacting with the quantum electromagnetic field beyond thepoint-dipole approximation. To this end, we derive a Hamiltonian describing thefundamental coupling between photons and center-of-mass phonons, includingStokes and anti-Stokes processes, and the coupling rates for a dielectricsphere of arbitrary refractive index and size. We then derive the laser recoilheating rates and the information radiation patterns (the angular distributionof the scattered light that carries information about the center-of-massmotion) and show how to evaluate them efficiently in the presence of a focusedlaser beam, in either a running- or a standing-wave configuration. Thisinformation is crucial to implement active feedback cooling of opticallylevitated dielectric spheres beyond the point-dipole approximation. Our resultspredict several experimentally feasible configurations and parameter regimeswhere optical detection and active feedback can simultaneously cool to theground state the three-dimensional center-of-mass motion of dielectric spheresin the micrometer regime. Scaling up the mass of the dielectric particles thatcan be cooled to the center-of-mass ground state is relevant not only fortesting quantum mechanics at large scales but also for current experimentalefforts that search for new physics (e.g., dark matter) using opticallylevitated sensors.

Quantum theory of light interaction with a Lorenz-Mie particle: Optical detection and three-dimensional ground-state cooling