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Spatial light modulation is important for many scientific and industrialapplications. The spatial light modulator and optical data projector both relyon precisely configurable optical elements to shape a light beam. Here weexplore an image-projection approach which does not require a configurablebeam-shaping element. We term this approach ghost projection on account of itsconceptual relation to computational ghost imaging. Instead of a configurablebeam shaping element, the method transversely displaces a single illuminatedmask, such as a spatially-random screen, to create specified distributions ofradiant exposure. The method has potential applicability to image projectionemploying a variety of radiation and matter wave fields, such as hard x rays,neutrons, muons, atomic beams and molecular beams. Building on our previoustheoretical and computational studies, we here seek to understand the effects,sensitivity, and tolerance of some key experimental limitations of the method.Focusing on the case of hard x rays, we employ experimentally acquired masks tonumerically study the deleterious effects of photon shot noise, inaccuracies inrandom-mask exposure time, and inaccuracies in mask positioning, as well asadapting to spatially non-uniform illumination. Understanding the influence ofthese factors will assist in optimizing experimental design and work towardsachieving ghost projection in practice.

Ghost projection. II. Beam shaping using realistic spatially-random masks