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The measurement of circular dichroism (CD) has widely been exploited todistinguish the different enantiomers of chiral structures. It has been appliedto natural materials (e.g. molecules) as well as to artificial materials (e.g.nanophotonic structures). However, especially for chiral molecules the signallevel is very low and increasing the signal-to-noise ratio is of paramountimportance to either shorten the necessary measurement time or to lower theminimum detectable molecule concentration. As one solution to this problem, wepropose here to use quantum states of light in CD sensing to reduce the noisebelow the shot noise limit that is encountered when using coherent states oflight. Through a multi-parameter estimation approach, we identify the ultimatequantum limit to precision of CD sensing, allowing for general schemesincluding additional ancillary modes. We show that the ultimate quantum limitcan be achieved by various optimal schemes. It includes not only Fock stateinput in direct sensing configuration but also twin-beam input inancilla-assisted sensing configuration, for both of which photon numberresolving detection needs to be performed as the optimal measurement setting.These optimal schemes offer a significant quantum enhancement even in thepresence of additional system loss. The optimality of a practical scheme usinga twin-beam state in direct sensing configuration is also investigated indetails as a nearly optimal scheme for CD sensing when the actual CD signal isvery small. Alternative schemes involving single-photon sources and detectorsare also proposed. This work paves the way for further investigations ofquantum metrological techniques in chirality sensing.

Optimal circular dichroism sensing with quantum light: Multi-parameter estimation approach