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In single-particle entanglement (SPE) two degrees of freedom of a singleparticle are entangled. SPE is a resource that can be exploited both in quantumcommunication protocols and in experimental tests of noncontextuality based onthe Kochen-Specker theorem. SPE can be certified via a test of quantumcontextuality based on Bell inequalities. Experiments of Bell-like inequalityviolation by single particle entangled systems may be affected by an analogueof the locality loophole in this context, due to the presence of unavoidablenon-idealities in the experimental devices which actually produce unwantedcorrelations between the two observables that are simultaneously measured. Thisissue is tackled here by quantitatively analyzing the behaviour of realisticdevices in SPE experiments with photons. In particular, we show how it ispossible to provide a semi-device independent randomness certification ofrealistic quantum random number generators based on Bell inequality violationby SPE states of photons. The analysis is further enlarged to encompass, with aMarkovian model, memory effects due to dead time, dark counts and afterpulsingaffecting single photon detectors, in particular when not dealing withcoincidence measurements. An unbiased estimator is also proposed for quantumtransition probabilities out of the collection of experimental data.

Entropy certification of a realistic QRNG based on single-particle entanglement