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Time-resolved x-ray scattering (TRXS) measures internuclear separations in amolecule following laser-induced photoexcitation. The molecular dynamicsinduced by the excitation laser may lie on one or several bound or dissociativeelectronic states. TRXS from these states can be difficult to isolate becausethey generally overlap in the angle-resolved x-ray scattering pattern$I(x,y,{\tau})$, where ${\tau}$ is the pump-probe delay and $x,y$ are thephysical pixel positions. Here we show how standard transform methods canisolate the dynamics from individual states. We form the temporal Fouriertransform, $\tilde{I}(x,y,{\omega})$$=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} d\taue^{-i\omega\tau} I(x,y,\tau)$. This frequency-resolved x-ray scattering (FRXS)signal segregates the bound states according to their vibrational frequencies,${\omega}_i$, and also displays dissociative states along straight lines${\omega}=vQ$, where the slope $v$ is the rate of increase of the internucleardistance and $Q$ is the momentum transfer between the incident and scatteredx-ray photon. We derive this relation and use FRXS to extract state-specificdynamics from experimental TRXS from molecular iodine following a 520 nm pump.Dynamics observed include one- and two-photon dissociation of the$^{1}{\Pi}_{u}$ and $^{1}{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$ excited states, and vibrational wavepackets on the B ($^{3}{\Pi}_{0u}^{+}$)state.

Characterizing dissociative motion in time-resolved x-ray scattering from gas-phase diatomic molecules