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The first DNA joint formed in homologous recombination processes is a D-loop.  Saccharomyces cerevisiae RDH54/TID1 -encoded product, a Swi2/Snf2-like factor involved in recombination, is shown here to promote D-loop formation with Rad51 recombinase. Physical interaction between Rdh54 and Rad51 is functionally important because Rdh54 does not enhance the recombinase activity of the  Escherichia coli RecA protein. Robust dsDNA-activated ATPase activity in Rdh54 generates unconstrained negative and positive supercoils in DNA. Efficient D-loop formation occurs with even topologically relaxed DNA, suggesting that via specific protein–protein interactions, the negative supercoils produced by Rdh54 are used by Rad51 for making DNA joints.

Promotion of Rad51-dependent D-loop formation by yeast recombination factor Rdh54/Tid1