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Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is expressed ubiquitously by diverse mammalian cells and tissues but at levels that vary according to tissue and species. In humans, the thymus exhibits levels of the enzyme up to 100-fold higher than most other tissues. Using transgenic mice, we identified human ADA gene regulatory domains. Up to 3.7 kb of 5'-flanking and first exon DNA from the human ADA gene failed to promote the expression of a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene in an efficient, reproducible, or tissue-appropriate manner in transgenic mice. However, when 12.8 kb of DNA from the first intron of the human ADA gene was placed 3' of CAT-coding and -processing sequences, transgenic mice reproducibly expressed CAT activity in most tissues, with profoundly high levels in the thymus. DNase I hypersensitivity studies demonstrated that among transgenic mouse tissues, human thymus, and a variety of human cell lines, a region of the intron 4-10 kb downstream of the first exon exhibited an array of hypersensitive sites that varied according to tissue and cell type. Deletion of this region from the gene construction eliminated high-level expression in transgenic mice. In transfection-transient expression assays, the 12.8-kb intron fragment exhibited enhancer activity in several cell types. A 1.3-kb fragment encompassing two of the hypersensitive sites exhibited some of these activities. The results of these studies suggest that the diverse pattern of human ADA gene expression is determined, in part, by a cluster of cis-regulatory elements contained within its large first intron.

Evidence for a complex regulatory array in the first intron of the human adenosine deaminase gene.