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Mechanisms regulating plant host differentiation of the nitrogen-fixing root nodules remain mostly unknown.  Sinorhizobium meliloti  induces this process in  Medicago sativa  in which the  Mszpt2-1  gene is expressed in vascular bundles of roots and nodules. This gene codes for a Krüppel-like zinc finger protein, a class of transcription factors involved in many animal developmental processes. Expression of  Mszpt2-1  in yeast cells conferred osmotic tolerance. Antisense plants grew normally but developed nonfunctional nodules, in which differentiation of the nitrogen-fixing zone and bacterial invasion were arrested. Hence, a vascular bundle-associated Krüppel-like gene is required for the formation of the central nitrogen-fixing zone of the root nodule.

A Krüppel-like zinc finger protein is involved in nitrogen-fixing root nodule organogenesis