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Exposure of hematopoietic progenitors to gamma-irradiation (IR) induces p53-dependent apoptosis and a p53-independent G2/M cell cycle arrest. These responses to DNA-damage can be inhibited by treatment with cytokine growth factors. Here we report that gamma-IR-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest are suppressed by specific cytokines (e.g., erythropoietin and interleukin-3) and that activation of the Jak kinase is necessary and sufficient for these effects. Using myleoid cells expressing a series of erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) mutants, we have demonstrated that Jak kinase-dependent signals initiated from the membrane proximal domain of EpoR were sufficient to prevent IR-induced apoptotic cell death, but failed to prevent cell cycle arrest. Cell survival by Epo did not require activation of other known signaling pathways including PI-3 kinase, PLC-gamma, Ras or Stats. Signaling targets of Jak kinase pathways included members of the Bcl-2 family of anti-apoptotic proteins, and enforced expression of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL was as effective as cytokine treatment in blocking IR-induced apoptosis but did not prevent growth arrest. A distinct signal derived from a membrane distal domain of EpoR is required to overcome growth arrest associated with DNA damage. These findings functionally link the Jak signaling pathway to suppression of p53-mediated cell death by cytokines and demonstrate that the apoptotic and growth arrest responses to DNA damage in hematopoietic cells are modulated by distinct, cytokine specific signal transduction pathways.

Cytokine rescue of p53-dependent apoptosis and cell cycle arrest is mediated by distinct Jak kinase signaling pathways