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Localization of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) to neuromuscular synapses is mediated by multiple pathways. Agrin, which is the signal for one pathway, stimulates a redistribution of previously unlocalized AChRs to synaptic sites. The signal for a second pathway is not known, but this signal stimulates selective transcription of  AChR genes in myofiber nuclei located near the synaptic site. Neuregulin (NRG) is a good candidate for the extracellular signal that induces synapse-specific gene expression, since NRG is concentrated at synaptic sites and activates  AChR  gene expression in cultured muscle cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that 181 bp of 5′ flanking DNA from the  AChR δ -subunit gene are sufficient to confer synapse-specific transcription in transgenic mice and NRG responsiveness in cultured muscle cells, but the critical sequences within this  cis -acting regulatory region have not been identified. We transfected  AChR δ -subunit– hGH  gene fusions into a muscle cell line, and we show that a potential binding site for Ets proteins is required for NRG-induced gene expression. Furthermore, we produced transgenic mice carrying  AChR δ -subunit– hGH  gene fusions with a mutation in this NRG-response element (NRE), and we show that this NRE is necessary for synapse-specific transcription in mice. The NRE binds proteins in myotube nuclear extracts, and nucleotides that are important for NRG responsiveness are likewise critical for formation of the protein–DNA complex. This complex contains GABPα, an Ets protein, and GABPβ, a protein that lacks an Ets domain but dimerizes with GABPα, because formation of the protein–DNA complex is inhibited by antibodies to either GABPα or GABPβ. These results demonstrate that synapse-specific and NRG-induced gene expression require an Ets-binding site and suggest that GABPα/GABPβ mediates the transcriptional response of the  AChR δ -subunit gene to synaptic signals, including NRG.

Synapse-specific and neuregulin-induced transcription require an Ets site that binds GABPα/GABPβ