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The prevailing view of eukaryotic gene activation poses that activators stimulate transcription by recruiting limiting components of the general transcription machinery to a core promoter. In one such model case, activation by the Epstein-Barr virus ZEBRA protein correlated closely with recruitment of the general transcription factors TFIIA and TFIID (the DA complex) as measured by DNase I footprinting and gel mobility shift assays. We now report that simple recruitment is not sufficient for full-level activation. An additional concentration-independent, rate-limiting step is activator-mediated isomerization of the DA complex characterized by an extended TFIID footprint. The isomerized complex supports both binding of TFIIB in gel mobility shift assays and activated transcription in heat-treated nuclear extracts, even after removal of ZEBRA. Surprisingly, the regulatory phenomenon of synergy was manifested only when the concentration of TFIID was limiting. When the DA complex was saturating, transcription was not synergistic, as indicated by the ability of a single activator to induce isomerization effectively and turn on a gene. On the basis of these observations, we propose a new biochemical model for eukaryotic gene activation and synergy.

Assembly of the isomerized TFIIA--TFIID--TATA ternary complex is necessary and sufficient for gene activation.