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A balance of the intracellular concentrations of molecular chaperones in response to environmental conditions is of considerable importance for cellular homeostasis. Here, the physiological consequences of overexpression of GrpE in wild-type Escherichia coli MC4100 were examined. Overexpression of GrpE resulted in defects in cell division and growth, but overexpression of GrpE-G122D, which carries the G122D point mutation resulting in impaired interaction with DnaK, did not; this indicated that the effect of GrpE overexpression could be related to the DnaK chaperone function. Phase-contrast and fluorescence micrographs suggested that the N-terminal GFP-fused GrpE was colocalized with DnaK on the surface of inclusion bodies. An in vitro luciferase-refolding activity assay using purified DnaK, DnaJ and GrpE proteins demonstrated that high concentrations of GrpE significantly inhibited DnaK-mediated refolding. Furthermore, cell-free extracts from wild-type cells and GrpE-G122D-overexpressing cells significantly enhanced the refolding of luciferase. In the GrpE-overexpressing cells, abnormal localization of the cell-division protein FtsZ was observed by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. In conclusion, the overexpression of GrpE caused a defect in the functionality of the DnaK chaperone system; this would result in filamentous morphology via abnormalities in the cell-division machinery.

The proper ratio of GrpE to DnaK is important for protein quality control by the DnaK–DnaJ–GrpE chaperone system and for cell division