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SUMMARY: Field trials were made at thirteen centres in varied localities to test whether a strain of clover Rhizobium used as a seed inoculum in the field could establish itself in the crop in competition with the native strains already present in the soil. Each experiment comprised four sets of plots, one uninoculated and the other three each sown with seed inoculated with a different strain of Rhizobium. The difticulty in identifying a strain re-isolated from a nodule was met by using as inocula strains whose antigenic composition made them readily identifiable by agglutination tests. From each plot, twenty-five nodules were selected, and isolates from these tested against selected antisera. This method of identification enabled the percentage of nodules produced by each inoculant strain to be ascertained. Strains differed in their ability to establish themselves in the field: a suitable strain gave rise to 50% or more of the nodules. In sand culture competition between pairs of inoculant strains was not related to their ability to establish themselves in the field, but each strain whose establishment was superior also showed competitive dominance on at least one date of sampling. The existence of ineflective strains of Rhizobium in nature Ineffective strains of Rhizobium, incapable of supporting the nitrogen require- ments of the leguminous plant by nitrogen fixation, seem to be prevalent among clover nodule bacteria, although they have been isolated also from soybean, pea, lupin and lucerne. A survey of the distribution of ineffective strains of Rh. trvolii in Great Britain has shown them to occur especially in poor hill pastures; plants from these areas are often pale and stunted and their roots bear a large number of small white nodules. Re-seeding is likely to fail if the new plants become infected with indigenous ineffective bacteria. Inoculation of the legume seed is a means of introducing effective strains, but there are various hazards that these bacteria must overcome before their establishment in the soil and in the clover can be assured. The problem of inoculation The literature contains many reports of the success of legume seed inocu- lation where the crop has not been grown before and appropriate root-nodule bacteria are known to be absent. When it is desired to replace a native population of ineffective strains with a relatively small inoculum of a beneficial strain, it is essential that this inoculum be able to withstand inter-strain GMTX I I

The Establishment of Serologically Identifiable Strains of Rhizobium trifolii in Field Soils in competition with the Native Microflora