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Motile bacteria display a surprisingly sophisticated sensory behaviour. By monitoring changes in the chemical composition of their environment, they migrate towards food sources (attractants) and flee from noxious chemicals (repellents). This behaviour, named chemotaxis, involves information processing of signals from receptors that sense the environment, and signal transduction to the flagellar motor to modulate its rotation accordingly. Since the pioneering work of Julius Adler almost 40 years ago (Adler, 1965), genetic, biochemical and biophysical studies of chemotaxis have been focussed mostly on enterobacteria, essentially on Escherichia coli and Salmonella, thus contributing greatly to the goal of ‘understanding a simple behaviour at the molecular level ’ (Parkinson, 1987). Today, the enterobacterial sensory pathway and all central components of the signal transduction chain as well as interactions between these proteins have been identified (for recent reviews see Bren & Eisenbach, 2000; Falke et al., 1997; Grebe & Stock, 1998; Macnab, 1996). However, many molecular details of receptor function, signal amplification and signal processing, of flagellar motor mechanics and regulation are still not understood. The more recent interest in non-enteric and even archaeal chemosensory systems has expanded our view and revealed fascinating variations on a general theme (for reviews see Armitage & Schmitt, 1997; Manson et al., 1998; Marwan & Oesterhelt, 2000). Concurrences observed between bacteria and archaea suggest an early origin of the prokaryotic chemosensory system – as long as 3 billion years ago. Differences between present-day systems point to a diverging evolution and the need for adaptation to different habitats. For the investigator, this departure from the established scheme poses an interesting challenge, as it may conceal new answers to hitherto unsolved questions.

Sinorhizobial chemotaxis: a departure from the enterobacterial paradigm a aTo Professor Wolfram Heumann on his 87th birthday.