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Overview Phenotypic heterogeneity describes non-genetic vari- ation that exists between individual cells within isogenic populations. Such heterogeneity is readily evident in the dierential sensitivity to stress of genetically identical cells and can be fundamental to the fitness and per- sistence of an organism. Consequently, phenotypic heterogeneity is currently receiving increased attention from the scientific community. Here, we present the first review of this important subject, with an account that focuses on the factors that contribute to cell-to-cell diversity in the model eukaryotic micro-organism Sac- charomyces cerevisiae. Some of the key parameters that drive non-genetic heterogeneity include cell cycle pro- gression, cell ageing, mitochondrial activity, epigenetic regulation and potentially also stochastic variation. The relative significance of these and other parameters in generating heterogeneity is discussed. We refer in particular to dierential stress sensitivity in S. cerevisiae, although other relevant phenomena such as phenotypic switching in Candida spp. are also addressed.

Phenotypic heterogeneity: differential stress resistance among individual cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae