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Although filamentous bacteria (i.e. the streptomycetes) and filamentous fungi belong to different kingdoms that diverged early in evolution, they adopted similar life styles. Both groups form aerial structures from which (a)sexual spores can develop. Some of the key processes involved in the formation of aerial hyphae by these microbes appear to be very similar. Both groups secrete highly surface-active molecules that lower the surface tension of their aqueous environment enabling hyphae to grow into the air. In the case of filamentous bacteria, small peptides (i.e. SapB and streptofactin) are secreted, while filamentous fungi use proteins known as hydrophobins to decrease the water surface tension. Although these fungal and bacterial molecules are not structurally related, they can, at least partially, functionally substitute for each other. Once escaped into the air, hyphae are coveredwith a hydrophobic film. In both filamentous fungi and filamentous bacteria this film is characterized by a mosaic of parallel rodlets. In fungi, this is the result of the self-assembly of hydrophobins but their bacterial equivalents have not yet been identified.

Surface-active proteins enable microbial aerial hyphae to grow into the air