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Molecular mechanisms of lytic enzymes involved in the biocontrol activity of Overview The many achievements of modern agriculture notwithstanding , certain cultural practices have actually enhanced the destructive potential of crop diseases caused by fungi. These practices include the use of genetically uniform crop plants in continuous monoculture, the use of plant cultivars susceptible to pathogens, .and the use of nitrogenous fertilizers at concentrations that increase disease susceptibility. Plant-disease control has thus become heavily dependent on fungicides to combat the wide variety of fungal diseases that threaten agricultural crops (Vliaard e t al., 1993). Studies aimed at replacing pesticides with environmentally safer methods are currently being conducted at many research centres. Biological control is a potent means of reducing the damage caused by plant pathogens and is environmentally nonhazardous. Although commercialized systems for the biological control of plant diseases are few, intensive activity is currently being geared towards the development of an increasing number of biocontrol agents. Potential agents for biocontrol activity are rhizosphere-compatible fungi and bacteria which exhibit antagonistic activity towards plant pathogens. Before biocontrol can become an important component of plant-disease management , it must be effective, reliable, consistent and economical. To meet these criteria, superior strains exhibiting improved biocontrol activity as well as an expanded host range must become available (Goldman e t al., 1994; Harman et a/., 1989). This goal requires extensive study of the molecular and cellular biology of the antagonistic interactions between the biocontrol agent and the phytopathogenic fungi. The acquired knowledge can be used for genetic manipulations to improve existing biocontrol agents. Tricho&rrncr spp. are common fungi, found in almost any soil. Members of this genus are antagonistic to other fungi, including plant-pathogenic species. Possible mechanisms involved in Trichoderma antagonism are : (a) antibiosis, whereby the fungi produce volatile or nun-Trzchoderma attacks another fungus by excreting lytic enzymes (such as proteases, glucanases and chitinases) that enable it to degrade the latter's cell walls and utilize and have been shown to have a direct antifungai effect (Lorito e l al., 1993). Via these mechanisms, Tri~hoderma antagonizes other fungi, thereby serving as a potential biological control agent of plant harzianum involved in mycoparasitism Chitinases Chitin, an unbranched homopolymer of 1,4-Blinked AT-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), is the second most abundant polymer in nature, after cellulose. It does not occur in plants, vertebrates or prokaryotes, but is abundant as a structural polymer in most fungi and insects, including those …

Molecular mechanisms of lytic enzymes involved in the biocontrol activity of Trichoderma harzianum