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Toxin production in Clostridium botulinum types C and D is governed by specific bacteriophages. Prior passages of a phage controlling type C toxin production caused subsequently lysogenized bacteria to become variably toxigenic. This appears to be one of the causes of the decrease in toxigenicity which is common in some type C and D strains. The morphology of bacteria was also changed from rod-shaped to filamentous by infection with a successively propagated phage.

journal of general microbiology/journal of general microbiology

High and Low Toxin Production by a Non-toxigenic Strain of Clostridium botulinum Type C Following Infection with Type C Phages of Different Passage History