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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is frequently associated with concurrent infection by opportunistic pathogens, against which production of nitric oxide by host macrophages provides a first line of defence. We have investigated whether regulatory HIV-1 proteins, such as Tat, can modulate the activity of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos) gene when expressed in stable transfectant lines of RAW264.7 cells. A bioassay for Tat, based on transactivation of an HIV-1 LTR-CAT reporter gene, allowed selection of Tat-expressing cells. Parental and Tat-expressing macrophages accumulated identical levels of nitrite following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) stimulation however, resulted in reduced levels of nitrite accumulation as a direct consequence of Tat expression. Conditioned media from Tat-expressing cells reduced the level of nitrite accumulation in parental cells following IFN-gamma stimulation but not stimulation with LPS. These results implicate HIV-1 Tat as a modulator of the IFN-gamma-specific signal transduction pathways leading to iNos expression.

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 regulatory protein Tat inhibits interferon-induced iNos activity in a murine macrophage cell line