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Molecular interactions between herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were investigated in the promonocytic cell line U937. HSV-1-mediated activation was observed in transient expression assays with hybrid constructions containing the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR)-directed chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Comparison of constructions that differ in the GGTCA palindrome located within the negative regulatory region of the LTR revealed four- to eightfold lower activation levels for the wild-type as compared to the mutant sequence. Three protein species, 37K, 59K/64K and 75K, that bind to the wild-type GGTCA palindrome were resolved in nuclear extracts of uninfected U937 cells by gel retardation and u.v.-crosslinking experiments. The 37K protein did not bind to the mutant palindrome sequence. However, a distinct 120K protein was detected. The 37K and 59K/64K binding proteins were not resolved in similar experiments performed with nuclear extracts from HSV-1-infected U937 cells but there was a novel p50 species that binds only to the wild-type palindrome sequence. These findings raise the possibility that interaction of these proteins at the GGTCA palindrome is involved in HSV-1-mediated regulation of the HIV LTR in U937 cells.

The GGTCA palindrome and cognate cellular factors in trans-regulation of human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat by herpes simplex virus