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Many lines of evidence exist associating herpes simplex virus (HSV) with the development of carcinoma, but much of this evidence is anecdotal or associative in nature and does not prove a cause and effect. The purpose of this research was to investigate the oncogenic potential of HSV type 2 (HSV-2) in vivo. A mouse model for lip carcinogenesis was designed to combine HSV-2 infection, u.v. exposure and tetradecanoyl-phorbol-acetate (TPA) application. HSV-2 inoculation on to abraded mouse lips was capable of causing vesicular ulcerative lesions which healed completely after 10 to 14 days. Ultraviolet irradiation of the HSV lesion site daily for 6 min at 42 ergs/mm2/s on days 3 to 6 post-infection caused hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and dysplasia to develop in several lips; while the same u.v. exposure by itself failed to alter the histologic appearance. The addition to repeated TPA application to the HSV+ u.v. regimen promoted tumour emergence. Thirty-two of 156 Balb/c mice developed tumours. Although the majority were papillomas, six were squamous cell carcinomas. These tumour-bearing mice had increased HSV-specific antibody titres. HSV antigens were shown to be present in outgrowths from explanted tumours as well as in tumour biopsies by immunoperoxidase staining with HSV-specific antisera. It is suggested that the in vivo u.v.-irradiated HSV acted as the inducer and TPA as the promoter, analogous to the classical two-stage carcinogenesis model.

Conversion of Herpetic Lesions to Malignancy by Ultraviolet Exposure and Promoter Application