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All aphids are thought to have an association with primary endosymbionts, which are located within specialized cells known as mycetocytes. The primary endosymbionts are gram-negative, spherical or slightly oval cells which have not been cultivated outside aphid hosts. Recently, it has been shown that the 16s rRNA sequences of the primary endosymbionts of 11 host species belonging to four aphid families are similar and thus that these organisms are related. Comparisons with the 16s rRNAs of other procaryotes indicated that the primary endosymbionts form a distinct lineage within the gamma-3 subgroup of the Proteobacteria. On the basis of these results we propose that the primary endosymbionts should be placed in Buchnera gen. nov. and Buchnera aphidicola sp. nov. The primary endosymbiont found in the mycetocytes of Schizaphis graminum (green bug) is designated the type strain of this species. It is generally thought that all members of the insect :superfamily Aphidoidea (aphids) have an obligatory associ- ation with gram-negative, spherical or slightly oval cells, which are commonly called primary endosymbionts (for reviews see references 2-5,7, 8, 10). The primary endosym- bionts are found in specialized organs, the mycetomes, which consist of cells (mycetocytes) containing the endo- symbionts. The endosymbionts are enclosed within vesicles which are derived from the cell membranes of the myceto- cytes. None of the endosymbionts has been successfully cultivated in bacteriological media or in tissue culture. The function of the endosymbionts has not been definitively elucidated. However, it is clear that these organisms are essential for the life of the aphids since the removal of the endosymbionts by antibiotics leads to aphid sterility. The endosymbionts are maternally transmitted, and there are complex mechanisms which assure that the progeny are infected (2, 16).

Buchnera gen. nov. and Buchnera aphidicola sp. nov., a Taxon Consisting of the Mycetocyte-Associated, Primary Endosymbionts of Aphids