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Strains of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were char- acterized by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridization, and the extent of DNA relatedness between the strains was assessed by hydroxyapatite chromatogra- phy. DNAs from 24 strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis were highly related, but Y. pseudotuberculosis was only 40 to 60% related to Y. enterocolitica. Y. entero- colitica strains formed three DNA relatedness groups, and the data strongly suggest a fourth relatedness group. Each relatedness group can be defined biochemically. One DNA relatedness group corresponds to typical Y. entero- colitica; the second is rhamnose positive; the third is rhamnose positive, melibi- ose positive, a-methyl glucoside positive, and raffinose positive. The suggested fourth hybridization group is sucrose negative. Although all of these DNA relatedness groups should remain in the genus Yersinia, only the first group is Y. enterocolitica. All of the yersiniae tested are distantly, but significantly, related to other members of Enterobacteriaceae. Yersiniae were more related to members of Enterobacteriaceae than to Pasteurella multocida . The former Pasteurella species P. pestis and P. pseudotuberculosis have been placed in the new genus Yersinia within the family Entero- bacteriaceae (9). A third species, Yersinia enterocolitica, has also been placed in this genus (9, 13, 25). Y. enterocolitica was first de- scribed in the United States in 1939 (30) and then in Europe some 10 years later (16). The organisms were human pathogens described as resembling Yersinia pseudotuberculosis or aber- rant forms of Y. pseudotuberculosis (16, 30). A fourth species, Yersinia philomiragia, was pro- posed in 1969 (18), but it has not been generally accepted. In the 1950s and 1960s, Y. enterocolitica was isolated from various animal species, including the chinchilla, cat, dog, galago, deer, cow, bea- ver, monkey, Canada goose, camel, racoon, ro- bin, oyster, pig, and hare, and also from water (20,24,34,37,39). Until 1966 there were only 23 isolates of Y. enterocolitica from humans; by 1974 this figure had soared to more than 4,000 (34). Most of the isolates were from Europe; the first culturally confirmed case in the United States in 21 years was reported in 1970 (32). These organisms have been implicated in acute

Characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis by Deoxyribonucleic Acid Hybridization and by Biochemical Reactions