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The arrangement of the muscular fibres of the bladder is exceedingly intricate, and notwithstanding the large share of attention devoted to it, remains to a considerable extent unexplained. A cursory examination of the literature of the subject will serve to show that many of the statements advanced in elucidation of this difficult point of minute anatomy are more or less conflicting. Lieutaud and Sabatier described the fibres as pursuing no definite course, but as crossing in all directions to form a complete network of unequal meshes; while Galen enumerated three distinct orders of fibres, viz. a longitudinal, an oblique, and a circular, “Vesicarum tunicæ rectos rotundos et obliquos habent villos.” Duverney, Lauth, Huschke, and Cruveilhier were of opinion that the fibres of the bladder might be separated into an external layer consisting of straight or longitudinal fibres, “musculor detrusor urinæ” (Lauth), and an internal layer com­posed of oblique circular fibres, the oblique fibres, according to them, being developed most fully towards the cervix, where they form the “sphincter vesicæ.”

III. On the muscular arrangements of the bladder and prostate, and the manner in which the ureters and urethra are closed