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We recently performed cognitive experiments on conjunctions and negations oftwo concepts with the aim of investigating the combination problem of concepts.Our experiments confirmed the deviations (conceptual vagueness, underextension,overextension, etc.) from the rules of classical (fuzzy) logic and probabilitytheory observed by several scholars in concept theory, while our data weresuccessfully modeled in a quantum-theoretic framework developed by ourselves.In this paper, we isolate a new, very stable and systematic pattern ofviolation of classicality that occurs in concept combinations. In addition, thestrength and regularity of this non-classical effect leads us to believe thatit occurs at a more fundamental level than the deviations observed up to now.It is our opinion that we have identified a deep non-classical mechanismdetermining not only how concepts are combined but, rather, how they areformed. We show that this effect can be faithfully modeled in a two-sector Fockspace structure, and that it can be exactly explained by assuming that humanthought is the supersposition of two processes, a 'logical reasoning', guidedby 'logic', and a 'conceptual reasoning' guided by 'emergence', and that thelatter generally prevails over the former. All these findings provide a newfundamental support to our quantum-theoretic approach to human cognition.

philosophical transactions - royal society. mathematical, physical and engineering sciences/philosophical transactions - royal society. mathematical, physical and engineering sciences

A New Fundamental Evidence of Non-Classical Structure in the Combination of Natural Concepts