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Disease emergence occurs within the context of ecological communities, and disease driven declines in host populations can lead to complex direct and indirect ecological effects. Varying effects of a single disease among multiple susceptible hosts could benefit relatively resistant species. Beginning in 2013, an outbreak of sea star wasting disease (SSWD) led to population declines of many sea star species along the west coast of North America. Through field surveys and laboratory experiments, we investigated how and why the relative abundances of two co-occurring sea star species,Evasterias troschelii andPisaster ochraceus , shifted during the ongoing wasting epidemic in Burrard Inlet, British Columbia, Canada. We hypothesized thatEvasterias is competitively inferior toPisaster but more resistant to SSWD. Thus, we predicted that SSWD-induced declines ofPisaster could mitigate the negative effects of SSWD onEvasterias , as the latter would experience competitive release. We document shifts in sea star abundance from 2008–2017:Pisaster abundance and mean size declined during the outbreak, whileEvasterias abundance increased from relatively rare to numerically dominant within the intertidal. When exposed to symptomatic sea stars,Pisaster andEvasterias both showed signs of SSWD, but transmission and susceptibility was lower inEvasterias. Despite diet overlap documented in our field surveys,Evasterias was not outcompeted byPisaster in laboratory trails conducted with the relatively smallPisaster available after the outbreak. Interference competition with largerPisaster , or prey exploitation byPisaster during the summer whenEvasterias is primarily subtidal, may explain the rarity ofEvasterias prior toPisaster declines. Our results suggest that indirect effects mediated by competition can mask some of the direct effects of disease outbreaks, and the combination of direct and indirect effects will determine the restructuring of a community after disturbance.

proceedings - royal society. biological sciences/proceedings - royal society. biological sciences

Reciprocal abundance shifts of the intertidal sea stars, <i>Evasterias troschelii</i> and <i>Pisaster ochraceus</i> , following sea star wasting disease

Reciprocal abundance shifts of the intertidal sea stars, Evasterias troschelii and Pisaster ochraceus , following sea star wasting disease