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Colours are common stimuli in signalling systems. Requirements to function well as a signal sometimes conflict between different signallers, and the same colour stimulus is used to convey completely different messages to the same receiver. Fruits and aposematic insects both use red coloration as a signal, in the former case to signal profitability and in the latter case as a warning signal. In two experiments, we investigated whether the domestic chick, an omnivorous predator, differed in its unconditioned preference or avoidance of red and green stimuli depending on whether or not the stimulus was an insect. The experiments were designed as preference tests between red and green painted prey. The prey were live insects and artificial fruits (experiment 1), and, to investigate the effect of movement, live and dead insects (experiment 2). The chicks did not show any difference in pecking preference between red and green when fruit-like stimuli were used, but when the prey were insects, green prey were strongly preferred to red prey, and prey movement did not affect this bias. Thus, young chicks may recognize prey as insects and then discriminate between different prey colorations, or one type of food may elicit an unlearned colour preference-avoidance response that is absent with another type of food.

Reconstruction of the historical changes in mycorrhizal fungal communities under anthropogenic nitrogen deposition