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Allele length variation at 16 microsatellite loci was used to estimate the phylogeny of 13 out of the 14 species of Darwin's ¢nches. The resulting topology was similar to previous phylogenies based on morphological and allozyme variation. An unexpected result was that genetic divergence among Galapagos Island populations of the warbler ¢nch (Certhidea olivacea) predates the radiation of all other Darwin's ¢nches. This deep split is surprising in view of the relatively weak morphological di¡erentiation among Certhidea populations and supports the hypothesis that the ancestor of all Darwin's ¢nches was phenotypically similar to Certhidea. The results also resolve a biogeographical problem: the Cocos Island ¢nch evolved after the Galapagos ¢nch radiation was under way, supporting the hypothesis that this distant island was colonized from the Galapagos Islands. Monophyletic relationships are supported for both major groups, the ground ¢nches (Geospiza) and the tree ¢nches (Camarhynchus and Cactospiza), although the vegetarian ¢nch (Platyspiza crassirostris) appears to have diverged prior to the separation of ground and tree ¢nches. These results demonstrate the use of microsatellites for reconstructing phylogenies of closely related species and interpreting their evolutionary and biogeographic histories.

A phylogeny of Darwin's finches based on microsatellite DNA length variation