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Coals may be conveniently divided into four principal genera, namely (A) Sub-bituminous, including brown coals and lignites, (B) Bituminous, (C) Semi-bituminous, and (D) Anthracitic, of which the first is, generally speaking, of more recent origin than the other three. According to the Report issued by the International Geological Congress in 1913, of the world’s estimated total coal reserves (7,397,553 million tons), about 40.5 per cent, are subbituminous and lignitic, 52.75 are bituminous, and the remaining 6.75 per cent, are anthracitic. It is evident, therefore, that a large proportion of the world’s coal reserves are of the immature sub-bituminous type whose economic values as fuels have hitherto been regarded as much inferior to those of the geologically older bituminous and anthracitic groups. The world-wide economic dislocations caused by the War, and notably the great increase in the cost of winning and transporting the more valuable bituminous and anthracitic coals, have so profoundly affected the fuel situation generally, that the relative standing of the sub-bituminous brown coals and lignites has been of late much enhanced. Indeed, it may be truly said to-day that in many countries, including several of our Overseas Dominions, the question of how best to utilise their potential lignite coal resources has become one of first-rate importance. Already in Australia, Canada, and the United States, the matter is being vigorously investigated under Government auspices or direction as one of pressing economic necessity. It may, therefore, be assumed that if scientific research could disclose how the inferior brown coals and lignites may be “up-graded” by a simple process into something approximating to the more valuable black coals, it might not only add to our knowledge of coal formation in past ages, but also would powerfully aid the solution of a present-day economic problem of world-wide importance. In this paper will be described the results of some experiments which have been recently carried out with this end in view.

Researches upon brown coals and ignites. Part I.— Heat treatment at temperatures below 400° C. as a possible method for enhancing their fuel values