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In ecology, climate and other fields, (sub)systems have been identified thatcan transition into a qualitatively different state when a critical thresholdor tipping point in a driving process is crossed. An understanding of thosetipping elements is of great interest given the increasing influence of humanson the biophysical Earth system. Complex interactions exist between tippingelements, e.g. physical mechanisms connect subsystems of the climate system.Based on earlier work on such coupled nonlinear systems, we systematicallyassessed the qualitative long-term behaviour of interacting tipping elements.We developed an understanding of the consequences of interactions on thetipping behaviour allowing for tipping cascades to emerge under certainconditions. The (narrative) application of these qualitative results toreal-world examples of interacting tipping elements indicates that tippingcascades with profound consequences may occur: the interacting Greenland icesheet and thermohaline ocean circulation might tip before the tipping points ofthe isolated subsystems are crossed. The eutrophication of the first lake in alake chain might propagate through the following lakes without a crossing oftheir individual critical nutrient input levels. The possibility of emergingcascading tipping dynamics calls for the development of a unified theory ofinteracting tipping elements and the quantitative analysis of interactingreal-world tipping elements.

Emergence of cascading dynamics in interacting tipping elements of ecology and climate