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Sexual reproduction is not always synonymous with the existence of twomorphologically different sexes; isogamous species produce sex cells of equalsize, typically falling into multiple distinct self-incompatible classes,termed mating types. A long-standing open question in evolutionary biology is:what governs the number of these mating types across species? Simpletheoretical arguments imply an advantage to rare types, suggesting the numberof types should grow consistently, however, empirical observations are verydifferent. While some isogamous species exhibit thousands of mating types, suchspecies are exceedingly rare, and most have fewer than ten. In this paper, wepresent a mathematical analysis to quantify the role of fitness variation -characterised by different mortality rates - in determining the number matingtypes emerging in simple evolutionary models. We predict that the number ofmating types decreases as the variance of mortality increases.

Fitness differences suppress the number of mating types in evolving isogamous species