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Erythrosuchidae are a globally distributed and important group of apex predators that occupied Early and Middle Triassic terrestrial ecosystems following the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. The stratigraphically oldest known genus of Erythrosuchidae is  Garjainia  Ochev, 1958, which is known from the late Early Triassic (late Olenekian) of European Russia and South Africa. Two species of  Garjainia  have been reported from Russia: the type species,  Garjainia prima  Ochev, 1958, and ‘ Vjushkovia triplicostata ’ von Huene, 1960, which has been referred to  Garjainia  as either congeneric ( Garjainia   triplicostata ) or conspecific ( G. prima ). The holotype of  G. prima  has received relatively extensive study, but little work has been conducted on type or referred material attributed to ‘ V. triplicostata ’. However, this material includes well-preserved fossils representing all parts of the skeleton and comprises seven individuals. Here, we provide a comprehensive description and review of the cranial anatomy of material attributed to ‘ V. triplicostata ’, and draw comparisons with  G. prima . We conclude that the two Russian taxa are indeed conspecific, and that minor differences between them result from a combination of preservation or intraspecific variation. Our reassessment therefore provides additional information on the cranial anatomy of  G. prima . Moreover, we quantify relative head size in erythrosuchids and other early archosauromorphs in an explicit phylogenetic context for the first time. Our results show that erythrosuchids do indeed appear to have disproportionately large skulls, but that this is also true for other early archosauriforms (i.e. proterosuchids), and may reflect the invasion of hypercarnivorous niches by these groups following the Permo-Triassic extinction.

royal society open science

Cranial anatomy and taxonomy of the erythrosuchid archosauriform<i>‘Vjushkovia triplicostata’</i>Huene, 1960, from the Early Triassic of European Russia

Cranial anatomy and taxonomy of the erythrosuchid archosauriform‘Vjushkovia triplicostata’Huene, 1960, from the Early Triassic of European Russia