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Extant dog and wolf DNA indicates that dog domestication was accompanied by the selection of a series of duplications on the  Amy2B  gene coding for pancreatic amylase. In this study, we used a palaeogenetic approach to investigate the timing and expansion of the  Amy2B  gene in the ancient dog populations of Western and Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to estimate the copy numbers of this gene for 13 ancient dog samples, dated to between 15 000 and 4000 years before present (cal. BP). This evidenced an increase of  Amy2B  copies in ancient dogs from as early as the 7th millennium cal. BP in Southeastern Europe. We found that the gene expansion was not fixed across all dogs within this early farming context, with ancient dogs bearing between 2 and 20 diploid copies of the gene. The results also suggested that selection for the increased  Amy2B  copy number started 7000 years cal. BP, at the latest. This expansion reflects a local adaptation that allowed dogs to thrive on a starch rich diet, especially within early farming societies, and suggests a biocultural coevolution of dog genes and human culture.

Amy2Bcopy number variation reveals starch diet adaptations in ancient European dogs