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Despite the fact that grouping behavior has been actively studied for over acentury, the relative importance of the numerous proposed fitness benefits ofgrouping remain unclear. We use a digital model of evolving prey undersimulated predation to directly explore the evolution of gregarious foragingbehavior according to one such benefit, the "many eyes" hypothesis. Accordingto this hypothesis, collective vigilance allows prey in large groups to detectpredators more efficiently by making alarm signals or behavioral cues to eachother, thereby allowing individuals within the group to spend more timeforaging. Here, we find that collective vigilance is sufficient to select forgregarious foraging behavior as long there is not a direct cost for grouping(e.g., competition for limited food resources), even when controlling forconfounding factors such as the dilution effect. Further, we explore the roleof the genetic relatedness and reproductive strategy of the prey, and find thathighly related groups of prey with a semelparous reproductive strategy are themost likely to evolve gregarious foraging behavior mediated by the benefit ofvigilance. These findings, combined with earlier studies with evolving digitalorganisms, further sharpen our understanding of the factors favoring groupingbehavior.

Exploring the evolution of a trade-off between vigilance and foraging in group-living organisms