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Throughout history, a relatively small number of individuals have made aprofound and lasting impact on science and society. Despite long-standing,multi-disciplinary interests in understanding careers of elite scientists,there have been limited attempts for a quantitative, career-level analysis.Here, we leverage a comprehensive dataset we assembled, allowing us to tracethe entire career histories of nearly all Nobel laureates in physics,chemistry, and physiology or medicine over the past century. We find that,although Nobel laureates were energetic producers from the outset, producingworks that garner unusually high impact, their careers before winning the prizefollow relatively similar patterns as ordinary scientists, being characterizedby hot streaks and increasing reliance on collaborations. We also uncoverednotable variations along their careers, often associated with the Nobel prize,including shifting coauthorship structure in the prize-winning work, and asignificant but temporary dip in the impact of work they produce after winningthe Nobel. Together, these results document quantitative patterns governing thecareers of scientific elites, offering an empirical basis for a deeperunderstanding of the hallmarks of exceptional careers in science.

Scientific elite revisited: Patterns of productivity, collaboration, authorship and impact