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Biological networks exhibit intricate architectures deemed to be crucial fortheir functionality. In particular, gene regulatory networks, which play a keyrole in information processing in the cell, display non-trivial architecturalfeatures such as scale-free degree distributions, high modularity, and lowaverage distance between connected genes. Such networks result from complexevolutionary and adaptive processes difficult to track down empirically. On theother hand, there exists detailed information on the developmental (orevolutionary) stages of open-software networks that result from self-organizedgrowth across versions. Here, we study the evolution of the Debian GNU/Linuxsoftware network, focusing on the changes of key structural and statisticalfeatures over time. Our results show that evolution has led to a networkstructure in which the out-degree distribution is scale-free and the in-degreedistribution is a stretched exponential. In addition, while modularity,directionality of information flow, and average distance between elements grew,vulnerability decreased over time. These features resemble closely thosecurrently shown by gene regulatory networks, suggesting the existence of commonadaptive pathways for the architectural design of information-processingnetworks. Differences in other hierarchical aspects point to system-specificsolutions to similar evolutionary challenges.

Evolution in the Debian GNU/Linux software network: analogies and differences with gene regulatory networks