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Cells and tissues change shape both to carry out their function and duringpathology. In most cases, these deformations are driven from within the systemsthemselves. This is permitted by a range of molecular actors, such as activecrosslinkers and ion pumps, whose activity is biologically controlled in spaceand time. The resulting stresses are propagated within complex and dynamicalarchitectures like networks or cell aggregates. From a mechanical point ofview, these effects can be seen as the generation of prestress or prestrain,resulting from either a contractile or growth activity. In this review, wepresent this concept of prestress and the theoretical tools available toconceptualise the statics and dynamics of living systems. We then describe arange of phenomena where prestress controls shape changes in biopolymernetworks (especially the actomyosin cytoskeleton and fibrous tissues) andcellularised tissues. Despite the diversity of scale and organisation, wedemonstrate that these phenomena stem from a limited number of spatialdistributions of prestress, which can be categorised as heterogeneous,anisotropic or differential. We suggest that in addition to growth andcontraction, a third type of prestress -- topological prestress -- can resultfrom active processes altering the microstructure of tissue.

Review: How dynamic prestress governs the shape of living systems, from the subcellular to tissue scale